Wednesday, April 13, 2011

Professional social networks

Dynamic, on the lookout for new, multilingual, etc.. Shape your online reputation by highlighting your skills through professional social networks.

Twitter, Facebook, MSN, etc.. Social networks are now integral parts of your life. In some "tweets" you get to know people around the world get back or simply connect with friends lost touch. But, you know networking? Like traditional social networks, professional social networks allow you to interact and share information on companies, industries and the trades. They are therefore a clever way to create and expand its address book. In addition, this sphere 2.0 Professional allows you to make a difference on the labor market. It increases, in fact, your visibility on the web while increasing your online reputation to help you land a job.

Build your virtual image
The canvas lists thousands of profiles. With you to play the card of the difference. Like a brand, highlight your personality, your qualities, your projects, etc.. The goal: to build a single virtual identity. A series of questions is needed to clearly define your goals and at the same time know you better. The image conveyed must be consistent with your personality and your values. Once done, then set the media on which you want to connect: blogs, business sites, social networks, articles, etc.. Choose your network, you can better target your future contacts.

List of professional sites:
viadeo.com is a general network.
linkedln.com is oriented towards international profiles.
xing.com is turned towards the German labor market.

Your profile, a real card
Your profile is a "window" of yourself. In a nutshell, recruiters identify your career, your ambitions and if you fit the position sought. A more detailed paper resume, he articulates from your past experiences a true professional project. This page also highlights your interests. Several essential points must be on your profile:

the position you now occupy,
your previous work experiences,
your skills,
your extra-professional activities: hobbies, ambitions, projects,
links to your projects, articles, blogs, website,
your actions: volunteering, charity work, etc..
Also, think carefully about the keywords used. Companies must be able to easily find on the web. In seconds, your profile will appear on Google pages corresponding to it. Example: product manager cosmetics, English, International.

Note, view profiles and invite members to see your page are two free transactions. However, apply to get in touch with members who are not part of your circle of friends, knowing the identity of individuals who visited your page, two things are paying.


Boost your online reputation
Dynamics, listening to others and reagent are the main qualities to highlight. Professional sites offer, in fact, the ability to provide advice to users and receive recommendations. Tools in hand, you glean contacts, participate in discussion groups on specific topics (hubs), maintain your relationships with other members, update your profile, etc.. These steps require time and patience without being paid in the end. Therefore, do not give other media job search. Only 2% of recruitments take place on social networks today.

Note, there is no need to register on multiple networks. Focus primarily on a network, which is consistent with your business goals.

Controlling the flow of information
Controlling the flow of information means to manage your contacts and your image.

Manage your contacts
Colleagues, suppliers, customers, etc.. your first "friends" are part of your entourage. Leading to another, their relations also become yours. You weave, and a network of increasingly broad. More than just contacts, they advise you, you share their tips and help you boost your career or find a new job. A real relationship of trust is therefore essential. The danger: let invade. To avoid this, you have the right to refuse contacts, appointments and even a job.

Manage your virtual image
Every word, critical or embarrassing picture posted on your personal page can play against you with recruiters and break at the same time, your e-reputation. They reach it, in fact, easily to your account. Often self-feed a page on major social networks. Moreover, nothing can be erased or hard on the net. The management of human resources collection, thereby, via the Internet a wealth of information about you without moving. So, beware of inconsistencies between the various information posted on the web and the ones you sent to the company. Only solution: lock access to certain pages of your "characters".

Thursday, March 24, 2011

Marketing easy or difficult

We all have choices in our life and I remember saying that a few years ago -. "Experiences should be difficult to learn" I remember the look I got from a person who had gone through a life experience that I and "knew" was being, for lack of a better word, a martyr. However, I was "everything is" at the time and created enough of me, that if something is worth learning, and well worth doing so, it must be difficult.

False ! When I started my business, marketing was difficult .

It was difficult because I was saying it was hard. Even that is hard to say, "I was not a seller. I just want to do the best I can do, and where are the potential customers for me." I was my own team of animators, " Marketing is not hard "a yy again. The fact is that nothing is difficult if you believe it. For many people who say that everything is difficult, and nothing is easy if you believe. Now, how to do something easy?

1. First - that he (or they) your partner and not give up the fight! Let me give a personal example. I remember when I first arrived with a new style of marketing approach, people did not understand, and of course, did not support it.

What I realized was that people really were doing a favor. I knew, deep inside me, and something that fueled the fire within me. I began to really appreciate your help negative almost to the point of asking more of ... but I did not. Because people became my allies, now I have a business to help others find their domestic market.

Task

Write an example of negative marketing and what you're struggling to turn it into something positive.

2. Keep it simple "The marketing is" simple "and let people know, what you do. How many times have you thought, I needed some big marketing plan designed to make successful connections? Of course, the next step after that is when you I thought I needed a plan developed with the tracks and marketing? To put it simply, think about what you enjoy doing.

I like to bring to entrepreneurs brainstorm , both in person and by teleconference. They really get a lot of potential customers. It is "simply" making a band together in a format that I like and as a facilitator, all participants know what they do because I talk about my business. Write what you enjoy doing and meet with potential customers.

Then create a format to benefit their business and introduce yourself.

3. Write from the heart - Tell a story of an experience . As articles on the internet or in print that is one of the best ways to get in front of people. Guess what I heard? "Nobody wants to read something of mine and I'm not a good writer." (So ​​they say). My response to "Nobody wants to read something of mine is that I do not underestimate. So many of us take for granted our talents or even look at them as talents.

I bet if you searched. On the Internet is something for sale as a product or service you comes naturally and you can do better. If you think you're not a good writer, just tell a story and write from the heart. There is nothing better than that. Marketing can be very simple and basic if you let it be.

You can make it difficult, or it can be seen for what it is - other giving, what they do through a basic and simple method.

Monday, March 14, 2011

Public Education

Public education is necessary for children. These schools are supported by taxes people.Public education is the education needed for children, as required by the laws of government - national, regional or local - and the financial support of civil aviation through taxes. 

Public education is often provided basic education, K-12 education, primary and secondary education. Most of the time, public education is not always to post-secondary education, training or universities, colleges or technical institutes.  ( Online Degrees )

Education System
Public education in the United States is usually controlled by individual states. These were, in turn, delegate the task of daily operations for school districts to work locally. Local elected school boards of direct public school districts and high schools, in accordance with the guidelines of the state government.

In other countries, the public education system is centralized at the national level, such as France, Japan, South Korea and Taiwan.

Defined education
public education is often to groups of students in a class. "Public education is not the same as" public schools because public education can be done at home or in other places such as malls and offices.

"Public education is not similar to the" publicly funded education. "The government can finance education that may not necessarily be public education. Publicly funded education is in the form of grants in aid to private schools and voucher systems.


A public school can not rely on public funding as money donated by philanthropists. What makes public schools is the fact that it is owned by the public and private person / entity.

Samuel Clemens (Mark Twain) said that public education in the November 23, 1900 speech: .. "Every time a school, you will have to build a prison What is gained by one side loses the other 's as the" feed a dog in the queue. It is not fatten the dog. "Schools, therefore, is a necessary tool to combat crime and violence.

Education Funding
No Child Left Behind gives the Department of Education the power to withhold state funds if a school district or have violated certain rules and not make efforts to comply. Federal funds, however, does not include a piece huge education funding.

Most funding for public education comes from state government and local property taxes. Several organizations made up primarily of teachers have been pushing for more funding and reforms in the allocation of tax money as some schools have limited funding compared to other schools in wealthier districts.

Public education offers students the opportunity to progress and a better future. It also translates into a more peaceful and orderly. Government, therefore, should provide funding for public schools a priority.

Wednesday, December 29, 2010

Science in Indian Education

National Science Day is observed every year on 28th February to mark the novel discovery of Raman Effect by the great Indian Physicist Sir C.V.Raman on this day in 1928. Raman Effect is a phenomenon in spectroscopy discovered by him while working in the laboratory of the Indian Association for the cultivation of Science, Calcutta. After two years of this discovery, Sir C.V.Raman brought the first Nobel Award for the country in 1930. Since 1987 National Council for Science and Technology communication fixed 28th February as National Science Day. The basic objective for observing National Science Day is to spread the message of importance of Science and its application among the people. All the NSD activities are planned around a theme for the year. Some of the interesting themes were; for 2006: Nurture Nature for the future, 2007: More crop per drop.
The role science could play in the development of India was realized by the leadership of the country long before independence.In 1938, Pt. J.LNehru sent a message to Silver Jubilee Session of Indian Science Congress at Calcutta was, "It is science alone that can solve the problems of hunger and poverty, of insanitation and illiteracy, of superstition and traditions". Nobel Laureate Sir C.V.Raman once remarked, "There is only one solution for India's economic problems and that is science and more science and still more science". Homi Bhabha in 1966 while addressing the International Council of Scientific Unions, in Bombay, remarked "What the developed countries have and the under-developed lack is modern science and an economy based on modern technology."

Pt. Nehru's dream was of modern prosperous India propelled by Science and Technology. Naturally school science education received special attention in the brave new world of Nehru's India, though not in systematic fashion. After independence major break through came in Indian Education System with the implementation of Kothari Commission's Report. Learning of science became compulsory both for boys and girls from class first to tenth. Previously learning science was an option for girls and boys used to begin it after class fifth. At present superior strength of school system is in the area of mathematics, physical and life sciences. Creativity and innovations are not too remote for Indian School Students. Every year hundreds of schools arrange/participate in science exhibitions of the objects created by school students in mega-cities. Some of the projects are prized at national and inter-national level. Some of our students participate in International Science Olympiads and win prizes.

But there is other side of the picture. In almost all the states and in the majority of the schools there is a trend of including more and more content overwhelmingly in the form of factual information in the syllabus. Laboratories in the schools have declined and even of demonstration once common are now confined to elite schools. Factual information that dominates the syllabi is not supported by any kind of activity. Students therefore have no option but to memorize the facts. Consequently maximum number of student's find science not only difficult but boring. Little effort is made to get to the roots of students difficulties. Teachers fail to develop in the students basic concepts which are built on the previous knowledge of students. Learning science for life is almost ignored. In each class, science is learnt to prepare for next higher class. As a result majority of students don't want to opt this subject beyond class tenth. Not long ago, a study conducted by National Council of Applied Economic and Research revealed that less than three percent of school students want to pursue a career in science. It is because that the current education system in schools lays emphasis on rate learning which apparently fails to kindle interest in Science.

Beyond the higher secondary stage, too little of the zeal for science finds its way into the University system. There are vast dragnets of engineering, technology, medicine and so forth, which draw the best scientific talent away. In 2003 a study conducted by "The National Institute of Science Technology and Development (NISTAD) revealed that between 1992-2003 both at plus two and college levels in Delhi, priority for science discipline as a whole was on decline. The data of college enrolment in sciences between 1990-91 and 1997-98 revealed that on an average about 48 percent of the students drifted out of B.Sc Course to join professional courses. These students were those who got admission after securing 80-90 percent marks at plus two levels. The choice of the National Talent search awardees also reflects this trend. In recent years, of the 750 awardees hardly 100 opted for science and only 15-20 percent pursue science to the post graduation level.

The B.Sc course for instance has failed because it is over regulated and standardized, so much so that a student has no say in selecting his subjects of study. We are in a situation where the system makes decisions for the students. Allotment of the subjects to the students is just like a 'ration card mentality'. It is rarely that students with obsession and passion for science enter the portal of colleges and universities that offer science courses which constitute "catchment area" for serious scientific work. Even those highly motivated who choose to remain in science and move into universities for post graduation and research are confronted with outdated curricula, disinterested teachers, un-inspiring teaching and poor infrastructure. In fact 88% of the students who opt for science are studying in affiliated colleges. Most of these colleges, flout the rules prescribed for teaching science by University Grants Commission. For their part, Universities have long abandon the accent on research and have merely become counters killing the enthusiasm even of the few motivated students.
The reasons for this mass exodus of brilliant young persons from science to professional courses aren't far to seek, One obvious explanation is that a career in science doesn't pay and those who still continue to be in science do so as a last resort. They are there, 'unmotivated' and 'un-interested'. To cap it all that is, the authoritarian attitude of Indian scientists in 'commanding positions' either at the universities or in national science laboratories have done much to drive away precious science talent. Indian research contributed a mere 2.16% of world's science and technology publications between 1993-2004. One of the factors that has marginalized Indian Science is the extremely meager support forthcoming from budgetary resources. Not even 1% of GDP goes to Science and allied research.

This year's Noble prize for chemistry has been given to Venktaraman Ramankrishna of Baroda, presently in Ohio University. Decades ago he failed to clear medical and engineering entrances conducted by IIT. He also appeared in the entrance test for reputed Christian medial college in vellore but was unsuccessful to get a seat. Now the evaluation methodology of entrance tests conducted is being reviewed and the role of coaching classes which teach 'tricks of the trade' to get through is also being sought out. After his post doctoral degree in science in eighties, Venktaraman Ramakrishnan applied for a job in about 50 Indian Universities but failed. There seems to be something wrong with our methods of selection of teachers in our universities.

At a public lecture at the Indian Institute of science campus, Bangalore, Venktarman was asked by a member of the audience if he had plans of returning to India. He said, "No". There are some rules essential for science to thrive. Apart from material infrastructure there needs to be an intellectual freedom, where there are no masters but only disciples. It must have people who are committed. Science is not a career or a profession but a way of life. Knowledge is built that way. Sometimes a discovery here and a proof there, shakes or even destroys the very edifice, no discouragement that the building again starts brick by brick. It is this situation which is exciting about science. This kind of set up may not be available for Venktaraman in India.

Tuesday, December 7, 2010

Valentine Day

February 14 is Valentine’s day. The day make us think of lovers. Pink, pastels, flowers, candy are all special things for the special day.

    Roses are Red

    Violets are Blue

    Let me count the ways that I Love you.

February 14, 2009 is Valentine’s day.  The first thing comes to our mind is Valentine’s for lovers. Two people in love, teenage love, husband and wife love and older love. The day make us think of lovers.  Valentine does not have to be about two people in love but all the other people in our lives that deserve to be recognize as being special in our lives.

Valentine’s day is such a special time of the year. The excitement that  Valentine’s day bring, should be felt all year long not just on one day. We use candy, flowers, jewelry and cards to say I love you instead of  saying what can I do to make your day better.  To forget 364 days of the year to say and do things to show our love ones we care but on one day go overboard with the gifts.  We try to show someone that we love them on one day Valentine’s Day.  We should just remember to say I love you everyday and give gifts any day to show our appreciation not only when it is a specific holiday.  It don’t have to be an expensive gift a homemade gift, card, muffins or breakfast for a love one can mean so much.  Poetry is a nice way to remind someone of caring, or understanding the feelings of another.

What are your plans for Valentine’s day, A special Dinner, Play, movie or just spending time with the special people in your life. Don’t forget your flowers, candy and cards or the special person in your life may think you don’t care.  With the economy slow down, it may be fun to look to other alternative ideas. Coupons for a car wash, 1 week of cleaning services, and a special home cook meal.  It is always fun making cards with the young ones and baking cupcakes to give to their love ones, it gives them pride to show that something they made with their hands means so much to their loves.

What ever you do have a lovely day and Love yourself.

Thursday, December 2, 2010

Benefits of 3G Technology

Like GPRS, 3G (third generation wireless technology) is a wireless communications service that lets you stay permanently connected to the Internet via mobile phone, handheld computer, the Tablet PC or laptop. 3G technology promises better quality and reliability, faster data transmission and higher bandwidth (which includes the ability to run multimedia applications). With data rates up to 384 Kbps, almost seven times faster than a standard telephone connection.This allows us to have video calls, as these calls are made with a direct Internet connection Telme offers this service for free.

3G (or 3-G) is short for third-generation voice and data transmission via mobile phones. The technically correct definition is UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications Service. Universal Mobile Telecommunications Service)The services associated with the third generation provides the ability to transfer both voice and data (a telephone call or video call) and non-voice data (such as downloading programs, exchanging email, and instant messaging). Although this technology was aimed at mobile telephony, in recent years mobile operators offer exclusive access to the Internet using USB modem, without having to buy a mobile phone, so any computer can have Internet access. There are some ultraportable devices such as (netbooks), featuring the modem built into the computer, but require a SIM card (which they carry mobile phones) to use, so in this case it is necessary to be discharged with a phone number.


What are the benefits of 3G technology?
It says users of GPRS and 3G are "always connected", since these methods of connection have permanent access to the Internet. Through short text messages, field employees can communicate their progress and request assistance. Executives who are traveling can access corporate e-mail, just as can a salesperson, you can also consult the inventory. You can automate your home or office with GPRS and 3G devices to monitor their investments.

How 3G technology will change our lives
Below is the  synopsis of how the introduction of 3G services by telecom operators will change our lives in response to our reader invite (below).

Having raced to the bottom in their voice tariffs and saddled with low average revenue per user, Indian carriers are seeing hope with the launch of 3G services.While MTNL and BSNL had a lead of almost two years they have failed to make the cut because of their lack of understanding of the desired device and content ecosystem.

Tata DOCOMO, Aircel, Reliance Communications and Airtel have launched their 3G services and it's expected they will heavily rely on smartphones, application stores and multimedia content to evince interest from the consumer.As already proved in western economies consumption of data has been the single biggest factor for change in the fortune of carriers.

As we start to talk about what this means and where this will lead to let's take a look what 3G means and how it will change the way you consume telecommunication services and products in India in the years to come.

3G networks are more efficient than 2G networks because of the wider frequency band that they operate in. This means higher bandwidth content such as music and video can be effortlessly streamed over the network. There are many competing technologies within 3G, however the most preferred across the globe is High Speed Packet Access (HSPA).

Airtel and Aircel have chosen HSPA while Tata DOCOMO and RCOM have selected an even more efficient version HSPA+ (Evolved HSPA) that promises even greater network speeds.HSPA+ is the same technology that T-mobile is rolling out as 4G in the US.HSPA gives a download speed of 14 Mbps (megabits per second) and an upload speed of 5.8 Mbps.HSPA+ gives a download speed of 56 Mbps and an upload speed of 22 Mbps and supports Internet Protocol (IP) architecture. In contrast 2G working on GSM/EDGE technology gives a measly data speed of 56 to 360 Kbps.


So for a country that loves to talk what difference does high speed Internet make?It does and that is where the whole ecosystem, demographics and the content ecosystem dovetail perfectly.A simple but startling comparison is a good place to start: In a population of 1.2 billion there are just around 40 million PCs neatly overshadowed by 600 million mobile phones.

In India where the fixed line network is scarce and inefficient 3G technology marks a huge connectivity leap and should be hailed as an enabling technology in bringing Internet connectivity to all.This means that a phone can be used to watch live TV, used as a virtual phone using a Voice Over Internet Protocol (VOIP) service, do video-conferencing using Skype, use Facebook, Orkut or Twitter, listen to live music from Internet radio or a music service like Spotify, share photos, use as a tether to download books and play games.

This shift is also expected to give a boost to the fortunes of the application developer community in India, not a big one at the moment and more used to working on pre-historic Symbian platform that has been chugging along because of Ovi music.

The mobile app development market is a huge opportunity and if valuations of certain companies like Foursquare and Rovio are anything to go by it has the potential to create a new industry in India.

Few of the companies like Hungama Mobile, OnMobile and IMIMobile are moving out of their VAS legacy to embrace this new reality. Various indicators such as strong mobile advertising numbers from Inmobi, mobile marketing, huge VAS content consumption and several mobile banking and payment ventures are encouraging enough to indicate a latent mobile commerce appetite.

Other than the crucial infrastructure upgrade, carriers have been busy lining up content, smartphones, data plans along with a strong marketing exercise to educate customers. Here is a lowdown on the essential components in this ecosystem.

These are virtual stores through which consumers can download software applications for their mobile phones. Software applications could be anything from gaming, document manager to a train timetable application.

Some of the applications are free and supported through advertising; others carry a monthly subscription fee while few of them carry a one-time download fee.

Typically carriers have their own app stores however the experience from other markets tells that carriers do not provide a great experience.

Tata's is called 3G Life services, Aircel is busy promoting its Pocket Apps, Bharti has come out with App Central and RCom has been working behind the scenes with GetJar to launch its app store.

The biggest winners will be Samsung, Nokia and Apple who have an established App store and provide a quality that cannot be matched by carriers.However, there is a strong market for regional content and none of these providers has anything to vet that appetite.



Smartphones
Phones that support 2100 MHz frequency will work on 3G. Most of the smartpones built in the last two years should support 3G. However there are a few that support only GSM/EDGE frequencies.

So what are smartphones?
If you have in hand a phone with the processing power of a computer it's called a smartphone.HTC Desire, Samsung Galaxy, iPhone 4 are few of the smartphones that boast of 1 GHz processing power along with a smart UI, HD playback and some cool features such as accelerometer, digital compass and GPS.Nokia N8 launched recently lags behind in its processing power and the UI.Naturally these phones also excite developers to develop applications that fully utilise the device capability otherwise risking disengagement with the consumer.This is the reason why device manufacturers and carriers are finicky about quality of mobile applications in order to maintain a higher quality of engagement with their consumers.



Advertising and marketing
Monetisation of content is the key to rewarding all participants in the ecosystem. Similar to Internet advertising, as mobile viewership will increase, brands and advertisers will start promoting themselves on mobile phones.The ad revenue generated goes directly to the app developer with the carrier and ad network retaining a cut. This is a big opportunity as most of the users prefer a free application or content and advertising is a primary medium to incentivise the developer.As shown in the developed markets mobile advertising has grown multi-fold in the last one year moving into sophisticated formats such as proximity advertising and instant promotions.


Data plans
After having done all the effort this is where the carrier expects a lift in its topline. At the moment most of the data plans have been tiered based on data consumption and future plans will evolve around usage patterns.For example, if a user spends most of the time on Facebook than an unlimited Facebook plan can be purchased.Similar plans would be available for Skype or heavy chat users.With a surge in traffic these kinds of plans will help carriers optimise traffic and better utilise existing assets.The possibilities are endless and we have just scratched the surface.

Thursday, October 21, 2010

Online Bachelors Degrees

Since reunification there was never such a large increase in college graduates as in 2009. More experts but not necessarily the means.

The bachelor's degrees at German universities gain in importance. About one in five graduate studies completed in 2009 with a BA examination from - ie a total of about 72,000 students. Two years earlier, accounted for only one in twelve final exam at the bachelor tests, in 2008 was about one in eight, as the Federal Statistical Office announced in Wiesbaden.

Overall, there were since reunification have never such a large increase in graduates as last year. 339 000 young people excluded from the examination in 2009 her studies. There are almost ten percent more than in 2008. As the statisticians in Wiesbaden said, this is the highest increase since 1993, were recovered in the first all-German higher education data.

This does not create more skilled workers for the labor market. As a reason for the increase in the number of graduates, the Federal Office who emphasized the Bologna reform with the introduction of Bachelor and Master degree programs based on it. Many students then put to a test, the Bachelor
Master exam and thus appear in the two respective annual statistics as a graduate.

Most university degrees are, however, continued after diploma or master's degree programs for a total around 106,000 in the previous audit year. 2009 put about 36,000 students from teaching qualifications, and more than 25,000 made their promotion and their nearly 21,000 master. Nearly 4700 graduates completed their studies with an art degree.

The bachelor degree programs are very popular, particularly among women: In 2009, there were about 37,000 more bachelor's degree than those who did their degree at a university. There are 30,000 women. Whereas men predominated university degrees. Two out of five examinations in the subject group Bachelor of Law, Economics and Social Sciences have been stored.

About one in five graduate studies (21 percent) completed the examination in 2009 (winter semester 2008/09 and summer 2009) with a BA from - around 72 000 Two years earlier, accounted for only one in twelve final exam at the bachelor tests, in 2008 was about one in eight, as the Federal Statistical Office reported on Thursday in Wiesbaden.

Overall, there has never been since the reunification of such a large increase in graduates as last year. 339 000 young people completed their studies in the examination in 2009 - nearly ten percent more than in 2008. As the statisticians in Wiesbaden said, this is the highest increase since 1993, were recovered in the first all-German higher education data.

This does not create more skilled workers for the labor market. As a reason for the increase in the number of graduates, the Federal Office who emphasized the Bologna reform with the introduction of Bachelor and Master degree programs based on it. Many students put off by a bachelor exam then the final examination and thus appear in the statistics as a graduate of two years on.

Most university degrees are, however, continued after diploma or master's degrees - a total of around 106,000 in the last audit year. 2009 put about 36,000 students from teaching qualifications, and more than 25,000 made their promotion and their nearly 21,000 master. Nearly 4700 graduates completed their studies with an art degree.

The bachelor degree programs are very popular, particularly among women: In 2009, there were about 37,000 more bachelor's degree as a specialist university graduates (30,000). In men, the specialist diplomas predominated (43,000 to 35,000). Two out of five examinations in the subject group Bachelor of Law, Economics and Social Sciences have been stored.